I want to know what are the places to look for the translations in Magento.
What would be the best way to get a list or collection of all translations in Magento?
Where would one start in the creation of a translation module?
I'm not sure if you're looking for existing source, if so refer to this question and answer:
If you would like to create translation for language that seems not be done yet (after searching transifex projects, github, webarchive etc.) I'd suggest to start with copying directory:
/magento/app/locale/en_US/
into
/magento/app/locale/YOUR_LANGUAGECODE
And then just translate each phrase that are on right side of original sentence, i.e. in files referred to english (code en_US) we would have:
"Checkout","Checkout"
and in file for polish language (code pl_PL) we would have:
"Checkout","Zamówienie"
Remember to keep encoding of files to UTF-8 Without BOM. To do that best way is use some editor like Notepad++ where you can easily choose your encoding. Try to avoid OpenOffice Calc and MS Office Excel as they can do some harm to your files if used in not the right way.