I guess the easiest way to add some kind of information into the payment methods selection list will be to overwrite the
templates of each of the payment methods which are rendered in that list.
Each payment method has an Javascript payment method renderer (which usually extends Magento_Checkout/view/frontend/web/js/view/payment/default.js
- there you find the methods like getTitle()
used in the templates) and a html template which is rendered by this renderer.
For example the payment method 'Check/Money order' (checkmo) has the method renderer Magento_OfflinePayments/js/view/payment/method-renderer/checkmo-method.js
and the template file Magento_OfflinePayments/template/payment/checkmo.html
You can overwrite those templates by copying them into your theme folder and make your changes.
For a better understanding of the payment method concepts you may read the documentation of how to create a cutsom payment method https://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.3/howdoi/checkout/checkout_payment.html