Based on your last update, there is an related PR for this error in Magento repository.
This error is caused because some image types are not recognized correctly with PHP GD Library.
To solve this issue, you can use ImageMagick instead of GD2.
Go to Stores > Configuration > Advanced > Developer > Image Processing Settings and update the value from PHP GD2 to ImageMagick.
(Alternatively you can run
bin/magento config:set dev/image/default_adapter IMAGEMAGICK)
Then run in console the command bin/magento catalog:image:resize (after run bin/magento cache:flush).
If you can't use ImageMagick you can add the code from the related PR to your project with a composer patch to include this fix.