Enabling maintenance mode shouldn't do anything to caches. It is only a mechanism to stop the bootstrapping of Magento during deployments or when you want to prevent users from getting to the website.
Magento Dev Docs - Enable or disable maintenance mode
I'm not sure exact version numbers affected, but it is a known issue with certain versions of Magento that the caches get disabled during setup:upgrade and for whatever reason don't get re-enabled (I'll try to find the GitHub issues associated). For a few clients I've worked on this would happen during deployments and I'd have to make a note to explicitly log back into the server and enable caches after the successful deployment.