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There are little corrections in your limiter.phtml code and it will be displayed , here is updated file.

<?php
/**
 * Copyright © Magento, Inc. All rights reserved.
 * See COPYING.txt for license details.
 */

// @codingStandardsIgnoreFile

?>
<?php
/**
 * Product list toolbar
 *
 * @var $block \Magento\Catalog\Block\Product\ProductList\Toolbar
 */
use Magento\Catalog\Model\Product\ProductList\Toolbar;
?>
<div class="field limiter">
    <label class="label" for="limiter">
        <span><?= /* @escapeNotVerified */ __('Show') ?></span>
    </label>
    <div class="control">
        <select id="limiter" data-role="limiter" class="limiter-options">
            <?php foreach ($block->getAvailableLimit() as $_key => $_limit): ?>
                <option value="<?= /* @escapeNotVerified */ $_key ?>"<?php if ($block->isLimitCurrent($_key)): ?>
                    selected="selected"<?php endif ?>>
                    <?= /* @escapeNotVerified */ $_limit ?>
                    <span class="limiter-text"><?= /* @escapeNotVerified */ __('per page') ?></span>
                </option>
            <?php endforeach; ?>
        </select>
    </div>
</div>

Keep your cache disabled or clean your cache .

Note: Tested on LUMA Theme

Let me know if any problem