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Try to inject Magento\Sales\Api\Data\TransactionSearchResultInterfaceFactory into your constructor:

protected $transactions;

public function __constructor(
  \Magento\Sales\Api\Data\TransactionSearchResultInterfaceFactory $transactions,
  ......
)
{
  $this->transactions = $transactions;
}

In your method:

$transactions = $this->transactions->create()->addOrderIdFilter($orderId);
$transactions->getItems();

If Magento\Sales\Api\Data\TransactionSearchResultInterfaceFactory doesn't work, try to use \Magento\Sales\Model\ResourceModel\Order\Payment\Transaction\CollectionFactory. I'm not test yet both of them.