InTesting the query product by your code in version 1.7.* i got the following error seem to bein MySql Workbench "Error Code: 1052. Column 'price_type' in where clause is ambiguous"
Try
$_product = Mage::getModel('catalog/product')->load(1);
$collection = Mage::getModel('catalog/product_option')
->getProductOptionCollection($_product)
->addFieldToFilter('default_option_price.price_type', array('eq' => 'percent'));
Try debugging using
echo $collection->getSelect();
See
v1.7
/app/code/core/Mage/Catalog/Model/Resource/Product/Option/Collection.php
v1.4
/app/code/core/Mage/Catalog/Model/Resource/Eav/Mysql4/Product/Option/Collection.php