Based on your last update, there is an [related PR][1] for this error in Magento repository.

This error is caused because some image types are not recognized correctly with PHP GD Library.

To solve this issue, you can use ImageMagick instead of GD2.

Go to `Stores > Configuration > Advanced > Developer > Image Processing Settings` and update the value from `PHP GD2` to `ImageMagick`.

> (Alternatively you can run `bin/magento config:set
> dev/image/default_adapter IMAGEMAGICK`)

Then run in console the command `bin/magento catalog:image:resize` (after run `bin/magento cache:flush`).

If you can't use ImageMagick you can add the code from the related PR to your project with a composer patch to include this fix.


  [1]: https://github.com/magento/magento2/pull/36679