Looking at the file [`/lib/internal/Magento/Framework/Data/Form/Element/Factory.php`](https://github.com/magento/magento2/blob/2.3-develop/lib/internal/Magento/Framework/Data/Form/Element/Factory.php) (sources on Github, for Magento 2.2 & 2.3), one can find the following default list of elements, as specified by Amit in [his answer](https://magento.stackexchange.com/a/155870/55289):

    // Factory.php, lines 26-55
    protected $_standardTypes = [
        'button',
        'checkbox',
        'checkboxes',
        'column',
        'date',
        'editablemultiselect',
        'editor',
        'fieldset',
        'file',
        'gallery',
        'hidden',
        'image',
        'imagefile',
        'label',
        'link',
        'multiline',
        'multiselect',
        'note',
        'obscure',
        'password',
        'radio',
        'radios',
        'reset',
        'select',
        'submit',
        'text',
        'textarea',
        'time',
    ];

If Composer was used to install Magento, the data may also be found in `/vendor/magento/framework/Data/Form/Element/Factory.php`, as mentioned in Mohit's comment below.