`php bin/magento setup:upgrade` does not install extension from composer. For it, you should use standart composer comands like:

>  composer require <component-name>:<version> - add new data to composer json

or

> composer install or composer update - if you add extension in composer.json with your hands

This is a good turtorial:

http://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.2/comp-mgr/install-extensions.html