In developer mode the option on backend is available to disable any cache from backend
Whereas in production mode, this option is not available, so you need to do it by command.
To disable all cache you need to run this as you already added in question:
php bin/magento cache:disable
And if you need to disable on cache, then disable it by it's tag name
Example:
magento cache:disable full_page
There is no database entry for these cache types, if you disable any cache from command, then it will update entry in env.php, and if you do it from admin then this method will also update entry in env.php
Hope this is the answer of your question.