By default, you should see page 3 of your category and not page 1 of your category. Be honest, Magento has nothing to do with this behaviour, because the back-button of a particular browser has no special preference for a Magento site. :-)
It may sound confusing. To understand, you should know how back-button of a browser works. Every brwoser will keep a reference to the urls that you have visited previously. So the history Url stack will look like this in your above depicted case.
domain.com/category?limit=24&p=1
|
domain.com/category?limit=24&p=2
|
domain.com/category?limit=24&p=3
|
domain.com/some-product-in-category.html <<=== current_url
Now when you click on the back-button, according to the URL stacks, browser will redirect you to the url domain.com/category?limit=24&p=3
for sure. If it is not happened like that, then that means
There may be some javascript functions which will allow us to listen to back button click and modifying the result. (but this is a rarest situation)
Or somehow,the previous link reference will be domain.com/category?limit=24&p=1
. The link that I have attached above gives you a clear such an example. Go through it.