There is no layout handle named "checkout_cart_item_default"
The block definition "checkout.cart" is only under the layout handle "checkout_cart_index". So it should be:
<layout version="0.1.0">
...
<checkout_cart_index>
<reference name="checkout.cart">
...
</reference>
</checkout_cart_index>
</layout>
I guess you want to set a template for an item. Each line sets a new template for items of a specific product type:
<reference name="checkout.cart">
<action method="addItemRender"><type>simple</type><block>checkout/cart_item_renderer</block><template>quotemodule/checkout/cart/item/default.phtml</template></action>
<action method="addItemRender"><type>grouped</type><block>checkout/cart_item_renderer_grouped</block><template>quotemodule/checkout/cart/item/default.phtml</template></action>
<action method="addItemRender"><type>configurable</type><block>checkout/cart_item_renderer_configurable</block><template>quotemodule/checkout/cart/item/default.phtml</template></action>
<action method="addItemRender"><type>bundle</type><block>bundle/checkout_cart_item_renderer</block><template>quotemodule/checkout/cart/item/default.phtml</template></action>
<action method="addItemRender"><type>downloadable</type><block>downloadable/checkout_cart_item_renderer</block><template>quotemodule/checkout/cart/item/default.phtml</template></action>
<action method="addItemRender"><type>giftvoucher</type><block>giftvoucher/cart_item</block><template>quotemodule/checkout/cart/item/default.phtml</template></action>
</reference>