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In magento 1.9 i can get the page head description like this in phtml:

$this->getLayout()->getBlock('head')->getDescription()

How can i achieve this in Magento 2 ?

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In magento2, if you want to get meta description at phtml then you have to call Magento\Framework\View\Page\Config.

As you want to use this value in phtml, then i suggest to use view model

Create View model class Description.php at Your module app/code/VendorName/Modulename/ViewModel and inject Config class and get description on phtml.

Example:

<?php
namespace StackExchange\SampleModule\ViewModel;

use Magento\Framework\View\Element\Block\ArgumentInterface;
use Magento\Framework\View\Page\Config;

class Description implements ArgumentInterface
{
    /**
     * @var Config
     */
    private $pageConfig;

    public function __construct(Config $pageConfig)
    {
        $this->pageConfig = $pageConfig;
    }
    public function getDescription()
    {
        return $this->pageConfig->getDescription();
    }
}

Assume that your phtml called at product detail page then and phtml called in layout as name "mycustom.block" and then create catalog_product_view.xml at app/code/VendorName/Modulename/view/frontend/layout

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<page xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
      xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="urn:magento:framework:View/Layout/etc/page_configuration.xsd">
    <body>
        <referenceBlock name="mycustom.block">
                    <argument name="view_model_description" xsi:type="object">StackExchange\SampleModule\ViewModel\Description</argument>
                </arguments>

        </referenceBlock>
    </body>
</page>

Last step: access the view model class at your phtml file

<?php

/** @var $viewModelDescription \StackExchange\SampleModule\ViewModel\Description */

$viewModelDescription = $block->getViewModelDescription();

echo $viewModelDescription->getDescription();
?>
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