Override vendor layouts.xml into your theme:
\vendor\magento\module-theme\view\frontend\layouts.xml
into
app/design/frontend/[Vendor_Name]/[Theme]/Magento_Theme/layouts.xml
Add the below code into layouts.xml for the custom category layout.
<layout id="custom-category-layout">
<label translate="true">Custom category layout</label>
</layout>
Create custom-category-layout.xml file in your theme by copy code 2columns-left.xml:
app/design/frontend/[Vendor_Name]/[Theme]/Magento_Theme/page_layout/custom-category-layout.xml
Finally, create catalog_category_view.xml in your theme:
app/design/frontend/[Vendor_Name]/[Theme]/Magento_Catalog/layout/catalog_category_view.xml
Update the layout name just like below:
<page xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" layout="custom-category-layout" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="urn:magento:framework:View/Layout/etc/page_configuration.xsd">
Now select a custom theme and category layout from admin for multiple categories.

Note: Due to custom layout, body class page-layout-2columns-left will be updated with a new one and the sidebar will not display. For that, you can add CSS by checking the two-column page layout and it will work.
Hope it will help!