I want to migrate customer, order and product information from Magento 2.1 site (old server) to a brand new install of a Magento 2.3 site (new server).
What is the easiest and most effective way to go about doing this?
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Now you imported your OLD version 2.1 to new server and you have backup at old server so easy to upgrade your magento 2.1 version to 2.3 version from follow below all commands and also check php version compatibility etc...
php bin/magento maintenance:enable
composer require magento/product-community-edition 2.3.3 --no-update
composer update
rm -rf var/di var/generation
php bin/magento cache:flush
php bin/magento setup:upgrade
php bin/magento setup:static-content:deploy -f
php bin/magento indexer:reindex
php bin/magento maintenance:disable
php bin/magento cache:clean
From all steps to you will not lose any data and easy and fast way.
Other steps is that check extension for export/import data is available at magento extension site.