To ensure that the text you add in a .js file is collected by the i18n tool and added to the dictionary:
Link the mage/translate library
define (['jquery', 'mage/translate'], function ($) {...});
Use the $.mage.__('')
function when adding a string:
$.mage.__('<string>');
If your string contains a variable, to add a placeholder for this variable to the string stored in the dictionary, use the syntax similar to the following:
$.mage.__('Hello %1').replace('%1', yourVariable);
In this example, the 'Hello %1' string is added to the dictionary when the i18n tool is run.
Reference : https://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.3/frontend-dev-guide/translations/translate_theory.html
For phtmls $t
does the same thing as mage/translate
so you can do following ;
<option value='industrial' data-bind="i18n: $t('Industrial %1').replace('%1', window.checkoutConfig.hrFlag)"></option>
data-bind="i18n: 'Industrial + window.checkoutConfig.hrFlag'
?