It is possible to do this through the magerun2 command db:dump which makes it possible to strip tables from your database dump.
Below a small description about the Strip option (Use the --help flag for more information)
Strip option
If you like to skip data of some tables you can use the --strip option.
The strip option creates only the structure of the defined tables and
forces `mysqldump` to skip the data.
Separate each table to strip by a space.
You can use wildcards like * and ? in the table names to strip multiple
tables. In addition you can specify pre-defined table groups, that start
with an
Example: "dataflow_batch_export unimportant_module_* @log
$ n98-magerun.phar db:dump --strip="@stripped"
Available Table Groups
@admin Admin tables.
@log Log tables.
@sessions Database session tables.
@stripped Standard definition for a stripped dump (logs, sessions).
@sales Sales data (orders, invoices, creditmemos etc).
@quotes Cart (quote) data.
@customers Customer data - Should not be used without @sales.
@trade Current trade data (customers and orders). You usally do not
want those in developer systems..
@development Removes logs and trade data so developers do not have to work
with real customer data.
@ee_changelog Changelog tables of new indexer since EE 1.13.
@search Search related tables.
@idx Tables with _idx suffix.