you can do this with observers like this.
In your config.xml file add :
<events>
<adminhtml_block_html_before>
<observers>
<add_btn_delete_category_and_rewrite>
<type>singleton</type>
<class>Company_Module_Model_Observer</class>
<method>addBtn</method>
</add_btn_delete_category_and_rewrite>
</observers>
</adminhtml_block_html_before>
</events>
In your observer,
public function addBtn($observer) {
$_block = $observer->getBlock();
$_type = $_block->getType();
if ($_type == 'adminhtml/catalog_category_edit_form' && CONDITION FOR ATTRIBUTE) { //adapt to the page you want to modify (here the category )
$_block->addAdditionalButton('btn_name', array(
'name' => 'btn_name',
'title'=>'Title',
'type'=>"button",
'label'=> Mage::helper('catalog')->__('Button'),
'onclick' => YOUR ACTION in controller,
));
}
}
}
You should be able to do something similar for the tab.